Geoffrey Chaucer (c. 1343-1400): The Father of English Literature
Geoffrey Chaucer stands as the towering figure of medieval English literature, bridging the gap between the Middle Ages and the Renaissance. His innovative use of vernacular English, mastery of diverse genres, and keen observation of human nature revolutionized English poetry and established its literary prestige.
1. Life and Influences
Chaucer's unique perspective came from his varied career as a courtier, diplomat, and civil servant, exposing him to:
French tradition (Roman de la Rose)
Italian masters (Dante, Boccaccio, Petrarch)
English alliterative poetry
This cosmopolitan background allowed him to synthesize continental innovations with native English traditions.
2. Major Works and Innovations
a) The Canterbury Tales (1387-1400)
Framework of 29 pilgrims telling stories reveals medieval society
Showcases multiple genres: romance, fabliaux, sermon, beast fable
Pioneers iambic pentameter in English with heroic couplets
Masterful characterization through prologues (e.g., Wife of Bath)
b) Troilus and Criseyde (1380s)
Sophisticated psychological romance adapting Boccaccio
Introduces rhyme royal stanza form
Explores themes of love, fortune, and moral ambiguity
c) Early Works
The Book of the Duchess (elegy blending dream vision and consolation)
The House of Fame (metapoetic exploration of storytelling)
The Parliament of Fowls (first Valentine's Day poem)
3. Literary Significance
Elevated English as a literary language equal to French/Latin
Established London dialect as standard literary English
Developed naturalistic characterization unprecedented in medieval literature
Balanced scholarly depth with popular appeal
4. Legacy
By 1590, Chaucer's influence was undeniable:
Printed by Caxton (1476, 1483)
Revered by Renaissance poets like Spenser
Paved way for dramatic monologues and novelistic techniques
Chaucer's works remain vital for their human insight, linguistic brilliance, and enduring humor, securing his place as the first great English author.