INTRODUCTION TO LINGUISTICS & PHONETICS - WORD FORMATION IN ENGLISH

INTRODUCTION TO LINGUISTICS & PHONETICS - WORD FORMATION IN ENGLISH 

We can summarize this module in the words of Alexander Onysko and Sascha Michel - "[R]ecent voices stressing the importance of investigating word formation in the light of cognitive processes can be interpreted from two general perspectives. First of all, they indicate that a structural approach to the architecture of words and a cognitive view are not incompatible. On the contrary, both perspectives try to work out regularities in language. What sets them apart is the basic vision of how language is encapsulated in the mind and the ensuing choice of terminology in the description of the processes.. . [C]ognitive linguistics concedes closely to the self-organizing nature of humans and their language, whereas generative-structuralist perspectives represent external boundaries as given in the institutionalized order of human interaction."

INTRODUCTION TO LINGUISTICS & PHONETICS - WORD FORMATION IN ENGLISH

INTRODUCTION TO LINGUISTICS & PHONETICS - MORPHOLOGICAL STRUCTURES OF ENGLISH WORDS

INTRODUCTION TO LINGUISTICS & PHONETICS - MORPHOLOGICAL STRUCTURES OF ENGLISH WORDS

**Morphology is the systematic study of morphemes, the smallest unit of grammar. 

**Two types of morphological operations in English are inflection and derivation.

**English words can be grouped into two morphological classes: Base words and derived words: such as (a) one root + bound morphemes (e.g. friend + ly):; (b) two or more roots (e.g. bookshop) C) two or more roots + bound morphemes (bookshop +s) 

**The two common word building processes are two viz. suffixes, prefixes

**Other means are modifying the base/stem/root, No change of form, Compounding, Conversion, Back formation, Clipping, Blending, Acronyms, and Reduplication.

 
INTRODUCTION TO LINGUISTICS & PHONETICS - MORPHOLOGICAL STRUCTURES OF ENGLISH WORDS

INTRODUCTION TO LINGUISTICS & PHONETICS - DERIVATIONAL AND INFLECTIONAL MORPHOLOGY

INTRODUCTION TO LINGUISTICS & PHONETICS - DERIVATIONAL AND INFLECTIONAL MORPHOLOGY 

Inflection and Derivation are two extremely vital processes which have provided infinite words to all the natural languages. 

Let us now sum up the module by identifying the major differences between inflectional morphology and derivational morphology.

INTRODUCTION TO LINGUISTICS & PHONETICS - DERIVATIONAL AND INFLECTIONAL MORPHOLOGY

INTRODUCTION TO LINGUISTICS & PHONETICS - BASIC CONCEPTS IN MORPHOLOGY

INTRODUCTION TO LINGUISTICS & PHONETICS - BASIC CONCEPTS IN MORPHOLOGY

This module introduces several concepts that are basic to morphology. The different notions of word: the lexeme (abstract, dictionary word'), the word-form (concrete word) and the various word formation processes. It discusses about the various morphophonemic processes that take place when a morpheme is attached to a word and it alters the phonetic environment of other morphemes in that. Inflectional morphology describes the relationship between the word-forms in a lexeme's paradigm, and derivational morphology describes the relation between lexemes. Complex words can often be segmented into morphemes, which are called affixes when they are short and affixes can be firther divided based on their position in a word. They have an abstract meaning, and cannot stand alone, and roots when they are longer and have a more concrete meaning When two or more morphemes express the same meaning and occur in complementary distribution, they are often considered allomorphs.

 
INTRODUCTION TO LINGUISTICS & PHONETICS - BASIC CONCEPTS IN MORPHOLOGY

INTRODUCTION TO LINGUISTICS & PHONETICS - STRESS, RHYTHM AND INTONATION IN CONNECTED SPEECH

INTRODUCTION TO LINGUISTICS & PHONETICS - STRESS, RHYTHM AND INTONATION IN CONNECTED SPEECH

We change the direction, pressure, and volume of air in our vocal tracts to make letter and word sounds. Stress is the amount of energy or effort that we use to make these changes. American English is a stress language. More stress, or more energy, is used to pronounce words that are more important in a sentence. Spoken language also has rhythm like music or dance. The rhythm of spoken words and sentences change as the amount of energy used to pronounce them changes. Then, we change the pitch, or music, of our voice, to put emotion and meaning into our words and sentences. The intonation or pitch of our voice can go up or down or stay flat. Often, we change the intonation of our voice before (intonation goes up) and after (intonation goes down) we pronounce stressed words. More pronunciation energy is used when intonation is going up and less is used when intonation is going down. We can add a pause, or a moment of silence, between words to add meaning and emotion to what we say Pause No pronunciation energy There is a relationship; there is a connection, between stress, rhythm, intonation, and pause. Basic prosody is the study of these relationships and how they are used to add emotion and meaning to words and sentences.

INTRODUCTION TO LINGUISTICS & PHONETICS - STRESS, RHYTHM AND INTONATION IN CONNECTED SPEECH