INTRODUCTION TO LINGUISTICS & PHONETICS - MAJOR SCHOOLS OF LINGUISTIC STUDY

INTRODUCTION TO LINGUISTICS & PHONETICS - MAJOR SCHOOLS OF LINGUISTIC STUDY 

Swiss linguist Ferdinand de Saussure is sometimes though of as the father of modern linguistics. Although Saussure was well known in his lifetime for his work in the history of Indo-European, his most influential work was not published until after his death when some of his students got together and, on the basis of their lecture notes, reconstructed the course in linguistics that he had taught in Geneva. The Cours de linguistique générale (Saussure 1969 [1916]) became one of the key texts in linguistics, and ushered in the era of structuralism. Which we might argue continues today. Saussure says there are two sides to generally used in English, they language: langue and parole. While the French terms are sometimes translated as language and speech respectively, though not without some danger of ambiguity. We have Functionalism, Gestalt psychology, Psychoanalysis, Behaviorism. Humanistic Psychology and Cognitivism as well to understand this concept.

INTRODUCTION TO LINGUISTICS & PHONETICS - MAJOR SCHOOLS OF LINGUISTIC STUDY

INTRODUCTION TO LINGUISTICS & PHONETICS - LEVELS AND SCOPE OF LINGUISTICS

INTRODUCTION TO LINGUISTICS & PHONETICS - LEVELS AND SCOPE OF LINGUISTICS 

The main scope of linguistics is Language. Linguists differ according to what they consider as included in the scope of linguistic studies. Some consider the proper area of linguistics to be confined to the levels of phonology, morphology and syntax. This can be called a Micro-linguistic perspective. However, some take a broader, or macro-linguistic view that includes the other levels of analysis mentioned above, as well as other aspects of language and its relationship with many areas of human activity. Phonetics is the study of human sounds and phonology is the classification of the sounds within the system of a particular language or languages. Phonetics is divided into three types according to the production (articulatory), transmission (acoustic) and perception (auditive) of sounds. Three categories of sounds must be recognised at the outset: phones (human sounds), phonemes (units which distinguish meaning in a language), allophones (non-distinctive unit). Sounds can be divided into consonant and vowels. The former can be characterized according to 1) place 2) manner of articulation and 3) voice (voiceless or voiced). For vowels one uses a coordinate system called a vowel quadrangle within which actual vowel values are located Phonotactics deals with the combinations of sounds possible and where sounds can occur in a syllable. The major structure for the organization of sounds is the syllable. It consists of an onset (beginning), a rhyme (everything after the beginning) which can be sub-divided into a nucleus (vowel or vowel-like center) and a coda (right- edge). Prosody is concerned with features of words and sentences above the level of individual sounds, e.g. Stress, pitch, intonation. Stress is frequently contrastive in English. The unstressed syllables of English show characteristic phonetic reduction and words containing this are called weak forms. It is essential to distinguish between writing and sound. There are various terms (homophony, homography, homonymy) to characterize the relationship between the written and the spoken form of words depending on what the match between the two is like.

 
INTRODUCTION TO LINGUISTICS & PHONETICS - LEVELS AND SCOPE OF LINGUISTICS

INTRODUCTION TO LINGUISTICS & PHONETICS - NATURE OF HUMAN LANGUAGE

INTRODUCTION TO LINGUISTICS & PHONETICS - NATURE OF HUMAN LANGUAGE INTRODUCTION TO LINGUISTICS & PHONETICS - NATURE OF HUMAN LANGUAGE

INTRODUCTION TO LINGUISTICS & PHONETICS - WHAT IS LINGUISTICS?

INTRODUCTION TO LINGUISTICS & PHONETICS - WHAT IS LINGUISTICS?

Linguistics is the scientific study of human language. There are many sub fields of linguistics. The interest in human language goes back as far as recorded history. The publication of Chomsky's Syntactic Structures in 1957 ushered in the current period of generative linguistics, the aims of which concern answers to three key questions: what constitutes knowledge of language (linguistic competence), how is the knowledge acquired and how is this knowledge put to use in linguistic performance?

 

INTRODUCTION TO LINGUISTICS & PHONETICS - WHAT IS LINGUISTICS?

ENGLISH LANGUAGE TEACHING – QUALITATIVE RESEARCH

ENGLISH LANGUAGE TEACHING – QUALITATIVE RESEARCH ENGLISH LANGUAGE TEACHING – QUALITATIVE RESEARCH