INTRODUCTION TO LINGUISTICS & PHONETICS - BASIC CONCEPTS IN MORPHOLOGY
This module introduces several concepts that are basic to morphology. The different notions of word: the lexeme (abstract, dictionary word'), the word-form (concrete word) and the various word formation processes. It discusses about the various morphophonemic processes that take place when a morpheme is attached to a word and it alters the phonetic environment of other morphemes in that. Inflectional morphology describes the relationship between the word-forms in a lexeme's paradigm, and derivational morphology describes the relation between lexemes. Complex words can often be segmented into morphemes, which are called affixes when they are short and affixes can be firther divided based on their position in a word. They have an abstract meaning, and cannot stand alone, and roots when they are longer and have a more concrete meaning When two or more morphemes express the same meaning and occur in complementary distribution, they are often considered allomorphs.
INTRODUCTION TO LINGUISTICS & PHONETICS - BASIC CONCEPTS IN MORPHOLOGY
INTRODUCTION TO LINGUISTICS & PHONETICS - STRESS, RHYTHM AND INTONATION IN CONNECTED SPEECH
We change the direction, pressure, and volume of air in our vocal tracts to make letter and word sounds. Stress is the amount of energy or effort that we use to make these changes. American English is a stress language. More stress, or more energy, is used to pronounce words that are more important in a sentence. Spoken language also has rhythm like music or dance. The rhythm of spoken words and sentences change as the amount of energy used to pronounce them changes. Then, we change the pitch, or music, of our voice, to put emotion and meaning into our words and sentences. The intonation or pitch of our voice can go up or down or stay flat. Often, we change the intonation of our voice before (intonation goes up) and after (intonation goes down) we pronounce stressed words. More pronunciation energy is used when intonation is going up and less is used when intonation is going down. We can add a pause, or a moment of silence, between words to add meaning and emotion to what we say Pause No pronunciation energy There is a relationship; there is a connection, between stress, rhythm, intonation, and pause. Basic prosody is the study of these relationships and how they are used to add emotion and meaning to words and sentences.
INTRODUCTION TO LINGUISTICS & PHONETICS - STRESS, RHYTHM AND INTONATION IN CONNECTED SPEECH
INTRODUCTION TO LINGUISTICS & PHONETICS - PHONEME, SYLLABLE AND WORD ACCENT
Points: By and large, language-systems are independent of the medium in which they are manifest.
The natural or primary medium of human language is sound.
Therefore, the study of sound is more important in linguistics than any other language-medium.
But this does not mean that we study all the sounds that humans are capable of producing. The linguist is interested in only those sounds produced by human speech-organs which have a role in language.
***By this time, you are already familiar with the various levels of linguistic analysis - phonetic phonology, morphology, syntax, and semantics. You know that phonology deals with the pattern in of speech sounds in a language?
INTRODUCTION TO LINGUISTICS & PHONETICS - PHONEME, SYLLABLE AND WORD ACCENT
INTRODUCTION TO LINGUISTICS & PHONETICS - CLASSIFICATION AND DESCRIPTION OF SPEECH SOUNDS: ENGLISH VOWELS
To conclude in the words of-Peter MacCarthy (English Pronunciation) "A pure vowel is one for which the organs of speech remain in a given position for an appreciable period of time. A diphthong is a vowel sound consisting of a deliberate, ie. intentional glide, the organs of speech starting in the position of one vowel and immediately moving in the direction of another vowel. A diphthong, moreover, consists of a single syllabic -that is, the vowel-glide most be performed with a single impulse of the breath; if there is more than one impulse of breath, the ear perceives two separate syllables..."
INTRODUCTION TO LINGUISTICS & PHONETICS - CLASSIFICATION AND DESCRIPTION OF SPEECH SOUNDS: ENGLISH VOWELS