The personal pronouns are “me, you, him, her, it, us, you and them.” They come as objects in the sentence.
Exercise - 1
Fill in - me, you, him, her, it, us, you and them.
1. Who is that woman? Why are you looking at ................... ?
2. Do you know that man? Yes, I work with ................... .
3. I am talking to you. Please listen to ................... .
4. These photos are nice. Do you want to look at ...................?
5. I like that camera. I am going to buy ....................
6. I don't know Peter's girl friend. Do you know ...................?
7. Where are the tickets? I can't find ....................
8. We are going to the disco. Can you come with ................... ?
9. I don't like dogs. I'm afraid of ....................
10. Where is she? I want to talk to ....................
11. Those apples are bad. Don't eat ...................!
12. I don't know this girl. Do you know ...................?
13. Alan never drinks milk. He doesn't like ....................
14. Where are the children? Have you seen ...................?
15. I can't find my pencil. Can you give one to ...................?
Possessive Pronouns
The possessive pronouns are “my, her, your, his, its, their.” They come as objects in the sentence.
Exercise - 1
Fill in - his, her, their, your, my, our, its.
1. What’s the boy’s name? ................... name is Narendra.
2. Suresh has got a dog. ...................dog is very lively.
3. The dog is very lively. ...................name is Dolly.
4. We are at school. ...................school is very nice.
5. I have got a new laptop. ................... laptop is white.
6. I'm from Mumbai. Most of ................... friends are from Mumbai, too.
7. The Varmas have got a restaurant. ................... restaurant is great.
8. The rabbit is white. ................... cage is in the garden.
9. You are not English. ................... name is not an English name.
10. Sandhya and Jansi are friends. ................... school is in Delhi.
11. The Sharmas have got a new car. ................... car is blue.
12. Lalitha has got a brother. ................... name is Shankar.
13. Roja has got a sister. ................... name is Usha.
14. Yes, we have got a dog. ................... dog is very old.
15. Mr.Subhash has got a tortoise. ................... name is Trundle.
Reflexive Pronouns
The reflexive pronouns are “myself, herself, yourself, himself, itself, themselves.” They come when we have to say that a certain subject by itself did some action.
Exercise - 1
Fill in - his, her, their, your, my, our, its.
1. Tom cut ................... while he was shaving this morning.
2. We really enjoyed ................... very much.
3. I repaired my bike ...................
4. Why don’t you clean the windows ................... ?
5. Jack and I met ................... at the party five years ago.
6. At Christmas friends often give ................... presents.
7. They looked at ................... .
8. The film ................... wasn’t very good but I liked the music.
9. The old woman sat at the park bench talking to ................... .
10.Let’s paint the house ................... .
11.Did you write it ................... ?
12.She locked the door ................... .
13.The children cleaned their room ................... .
We know the basic modals – may, can, should, have to
These are used for the present or the future. But how do you use these modals in the past. In the past time, we use the following simple rules.
“May (v1)” becomes “might have (v3)” “May (be)” becomes “might have (been)”
“Can (v1)” becomes “could have (v3)” “can (be)” becomes “could have (been)”
“should (v1)” becomes “should have (v3)” “May (be)” becomes “should have (been)”
Note: Be careful to always use the third form of the verb for modals in the past. Also when the verb is not there, add “been”.
Examples:
1. He might have gone to the station (probability) He might have been in the station.
2. You should have studied harder (duty) You should have been studious.
3. You could have helped him (ability) You could have been helpful.
Follow the golden rule. When the verb is there use the 3rd form. When there is no verb use “been”.
Activity – 1
A man is remembering his life and he feels the following of how things should have been. Use the following clues and use “should have (v3)” or “should have been”.
There are 3 concepts in Modals. The concept of probability, the concept of ability and the concept of Duty.
What is probability?
A probability means an action may happen. For probability we use helping verb may or may be.
Ability means your ability to do something. For ability we use the helping verb can or can be.
Duty means some action which we need to do which you should to do, which you have to do. The important helping verbs here are should, should be, have to, have to be, must, must be.
When do we add be and when do we not add be.
It is very simple. We use only may, can, should, must with v1 when there is a verb in the sentence.
When there is no verb, we add be to the above. Example -
I may go to the market tomorrow. (There is a verb here)
I may be in the market tomorrow. (There is no verb here)
He may be in the room. (There is no verb here)
Exercise 1
In the following use “may, can , should, may be, can be, should be
1. George has worked as a chef in many restaurants. He ………. Cook many dishes.
2. You ………. (not) talk loudly. The class gets disturbed.
3. I can see clouds in the sky. It ………. rain.
4. You ………. (not) drive fast. Time is important but life is more important.
5. You ………. punctual. You will not miss the beginning of the class.
6. You ………. a good singer if you practice with dedication.
7. ………. you sing well?
8. Why ……….I listen to you? Every time I followed your advice, I failed.
9. ………. (not) you come to my house? It is only a furlong away.
10. ………. you explain once again? I did not understand.
11. Why ………. (not) you follow instructions? After all, the instructions are simple.
12. Who ………. responsible for completing the tasks?
13. I ………. there at 5PM. It’s very urgent.
14. If you ………. do this work on time it will be a great help.
15. Who ………. paint well in your class?
16. To whom ………. I give this letter?
17. Where ………. I join to do my M.Sc Computers? Please help me, I am confused.
18. After we give the present, what ………. we do next?
19. ………. (you) here at 4PM tomorrow.
20. Who ………. get the 1st prize? Everybody did well.
Present Perfect continuous tense is used for actions which had started in the past and are still continuing now. For example, it is wrong to say “I’m waiting for 4 hours”, because am, is, are should be used only for actions going on now. When there is a PERIOD OF TIME, the tense changes to present perfect continuous tense. It’s structure is
Subject + has been / have been + (V1+ing) + Object
Examples:
1. I have been working since 1’O clock.
2. He has been talking for 2 hours.
3. We have been typing since morning.
4. The children have been playing in the park for 4 hours.
Note: When the starting time is given, we use “since” and when the total time is given, we use “for”.
Activity – 1
Use the following clues and make sentences in Present perfect continuous tense.