Higher Modals(DAY-28)

Higher Modals

We know the basic modals – may, can, should, have to

These are used for the present or the future. But how do you use these modals in the past. In the past time, we use the following simple rules.

“May (v1)” becomes “might have (v3)” “May (be)” becomes “might have (been)”

“Can (v1)” becomes “could have (v3)” “can (be)” becomes “could have (been)”

“should (v1)” becomes “should have (v3)” “May (be)” becomes “should have (been)”

Note: Be careful to always use the third form of the verb for modals in the past. Also when the verb is not there, add “been”.

Examples:

1. He might have gone to the station (probability) He might have been in the station.

2. You should have studied harder (duty) You should have been studious.

3. You could have helped him (ability) You could have been helpful.

Follow the golden rule. When the verb is there use the 3rd form. When there is no verb use “been”.

Activity – 1

A man is remembering his life and he feels the following of how things should have been. Use the following clues and use “should have (v3)” or “should have been”.

1. I rich.

2. I study hard.

3. I marry early.

4. I take Government job.

5. I hard working.

6. I not waste so much time in youth.

7. I not make bad friends.

8. I not get habbit of smoking.

9. I go abroad.

10. I not spend so much.

11. I buy house.

12. I better father.

Basic Modals(DAY-27)

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Basic Modals

There are 3 concepts in Modals. The concept of probability, the concept of ability and the concept of Duty.

What is probability?

A probability means an action may happen. For probability we use helping verb may or may be.

Ability means your ability to do something. For ability we use the helping verb can or can be.

Duty means some action which we need to do which you should to do, which you have to do. The important helping verbs here are should, should be, have to, have to be, must, must be.

When do we add be and when do we not add be.

It is very simple. We use only may, can, should, must with v1 when there is a verb in the sentence.

When there is no verb, we add be to the above. Example -

I may go to the market tomorrow. (There is a verb here)

I may be in the market tomorrow. (There is no verb here)

He may be in the room. (There is no verb here)

Exercise 1

In the following use “may, can , should, may be, can be, should be

1. George has worked as a chef in many restaurants. He ………. Cook many dishes.

2. You ………. (not) talk loudly. The class gets disturbed.

3. I can see clouds in the sky. It ………. rain.

4. You ………. (not) drive fast. Time is important but life is more important.

5. You ………. punctual. You will not miss the beginning of the class.

6. You ………. a good singer if you practice with dedication.

7. ………. you sing well?

8. Why ……….I listen to you? Every time I followed your advice, I failed.

9. ………. (not) you come to my house? It is only a furlong away.

10. ………. you explain once again? I did not understand.

11. Why ………. (not) you follow instructions? After all, the instructions are simple.

12. Who ………. responsible for completing the tasks?

13. I ………. there at 5PM. It’s very urgent.

14. If you ………. do this work on time it will be a great help.

15. Who ………. paint well in your class?

16. To whom ………. I give this letter?

17. Where ………. I join to do my M.Sc Computers? Please help me, I am confused.

18. After we give the present, what ………. we do next?

19. ………. (you) here at 4PM tomorrow.

20. Who ………. get the 1st prize? Everybody did well.

Joining two or more Sentences (DAY 25-26)

 

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Joining two or more Sentences

Now let’s come to understand how we join two or more sentences.

We join two or three, four sentences using conjunctions and relative pronouns.

What are the major conjunctions?

After, before, while, when, if, because, though,

and, but, so, either or, neither nor.

What are relative pronouns?

Relative pronouns are also join two sentences. Let’s take an example.

He is a boy. This boy gave me an apple.

How to combine these two sentences?

He is the boy who gave me this apple.

This is my house. I live here.

This is where I live.

He is the person. He came first in the class.

He is the person who came first.

The time now is 9’O clock. At 9’O clock I eat my breakfast.

This is the time when I eat my breakfast.

So, this who, which, where and when have combined these 2 sentences.

Activity – 1

Use the following clues and use appropriate conjunctions / relative pronouns and complete the sentences and also check tenses.

Home

1. My father go office. We go school. (after)

2. My father get the time. He take us to a movie. (when)

3. Every Sunday we go to my grandmother. She lives in a nearby village. (who)

4. My mother get up. We get up. (before)

5. My mother cook in the night. We study. (while)

6. My relatives come in summer holidays. We really enjoy. (when)

7. My father strict. We love him. (though)

8. I help my mother at home. She has backache. (because)

School

1. The security guard come to school. We come to school. (before)

2. I not come to school in bus. My house is nearby. (because)

3. I not well. I not go to the school. (when)

4. In my school, we have communication skills classes. It help in life. (because)

5. Summer holidays come. I feel bored. (when)

6. I like my school. They have activities. (because)

7. You come to my school. Meet me in lunch time. We not allowed to meet visitors. (if, because)

8. My school in the centre of the city. Lot of noise. (because)

Activity - 2

Use the Conjunctions and Relative pronouns given below and

fill in the blanks in complex sentences given.

1. I came late .............. the bus came late.

2. .............. you give me the money I will start a business.

3. .............. I work hard I failed.

4. I will come .............. the movie is over.

5. Will you help me .............. I help you?

6. The door was locked .............. I waited outside.

7. .............. you came I was watching a movie.

8. Do you browse the net .............. midnight?

9. Will you join B.Tech .............. your inter?

10. This is the fridge .............. is not working.

11. Here is .............. we are starting Track Institute.

12. .............. you come to my house I will give you the book.

13. .............. you finish the work meet me.

14. .............. who work hard will get a salary raise.

15. .............. you don't listen to me how can I help you?

16. .............. 4 years are over there will be a change in the country.

17. There are many people in India .............. get less than Rs.400 per month.

18. .............. you came Lalitha came.

19. .............. I finish the work I will go to a movie.

20. .............. we tried we failed.

21. .............. he is poor he helps everybody.

22. .............. I finish this book I will become confident.

23. There are four gifts of mine .............. are very precious.

24. .............. works hard wins.

25. Count your chickens .............. they hatch.

26. .............. will take care of you after I die?

27. I will help you .............. you help me.

28. I hate those .............. lie.

29. I called you so many times .............. you ignore me.

30. .............. you come fast we can reach the station.

31. I will cook .............. sleep for 2 hours.

32. .............. he was not free he took out time for me.

33. .............. friend of yours will help you in times of trouble?

34. .............. you have 10 lakhs we can easily earn one crore.

35. Can you understand .............. people live?

36. When will you start the lesson .............. is pending?

37. How many times will I tell you .............. you are beautiful?

38. He is the best .............. thinks he is.

39. I will tell you .............. is painting.

40. .............. I finish 50 sentences I will stop it.

41. Who will meet you .............. the movie is over.

42. Bhagavadgita is the book .............. talks about the Karma phiolosophy.

43. Indian culture is the most ancient culture in the world .............. the most mystereous.

44. India will change .............. it discovers itself.

45. He is the person .............. I like very much.

46. I don't think .............. he is a good person.

47. .............. you practice this book twice you will be a master in English.

48. Nobody likes you .............. you are selfish.

49. I got less marks .............. I was ill before the exam.

50. There is a crowd here .............. there was an accident.

Present Perfect Continuous Tense (DAY-24)

Present Perfect Continuous Tense

Present Perfect continuous tense is used for actions which had started in the past and are still continuing now. For example, it is wrong to say “I’m waiting for 4 hours”, because am, is, are should be used only for actions going on now. When there is a PERIOD OF TIME, the tense changes to present perfect continuous tense. It’s structure is

Subject + has been / have been + (V1+ing) + Object

Examples:

1. I have been working since 1’O clock.

2. He has been talking for 2 hours.

3. We have been typing since morning.

4. The children have been playing in the park for 4 hours.

Note: When the starting time is given, we use “since” and when the total time is given, we use “for”.

Activity – 1

Use the following clues and make sentences in Present perfect continuous tense.

1. He sleep 4 hours.

2. We walk morning.

3. I write for two days.

4. Ravi, live in the US, 10 years.

5. Sita, wash clothes one hour.

6. We cook for the function 10 hours.

7. Children play video games, morning.

8. I teach English, 15 years.

Past Perfect Tense (DAY-23)

Past Perfect Tense

Past Perfect Tenses is used when an event is completed before a certain event. It is past of past!

Examples:

                       Past                                  Past of past

1. By the time I went home                    my children had slept.

2. By the time we reach the theatre,      the movie had started.

3. By the time I went to the office,        my boss had arrived.

4. I went to the station                           but the train hadn’t arrived

5. I went to the market,                         But the shops hadn’t opened.

6. I went to my friend’s house in the morning  But he hadn’t got up.

7. By the time I reach the function         The guests had left.

8. By the time I called the post office     It had closed.

Activity – 1

Use the clues and complete the following sentences.

Examples:

                         Past                                       Past of past

1. By the time I reach, hospital          My grandmother, die.

2. By the time I leave the school       Non teaching staff leave.

3. By the time I finish my lunch,       I get 3 missed calls.

4. By the time I meet my friend,       He, has lunch.

5. I rush, to the stadium                    But the match, start.

6. I came out of the theatre               But the autos, leave.

7. By the time I got up                     All my friends in the hostel, leave.

8. By the time, I go the bank           The manager, leave.

Present Perfect Tense(DAY-22)

Perfect Tenses

Present Perfect Tense

The first thing to understand is that in present perfect tense, we use the third form of the verb. The second thing to understand in present perfect tenses is that we use it for

Subject + has/have + V3 + Object

1. Just completed actions

a. The bell has just rung.

b. Sir has just come.

2. When an action has still an effect in the present.

a. I have cut my finger.

b. I have got the first rank.

3. When we want to know whether an action has happened or not, not really when it happened.

a. Have you completed your homework?

b. Have you ever seen the Taj Mahal?

4. When we want to talk about actions done till now.

a. I have waited for you till now.

b. He has not come yet.

Activities

Activity – 1 - Just Completed actions.

Complete the next sentence using present perfect tense to the following sentences.

1. The bell has rung (students become silent) – Students have become silent

2. Power has gone (system shutdown)

3. He has got the first rank(parents become happy)

4. His grandfather has died (people come to his house)

5. The boss has come to the office (everyone stop chatting)

6. Accident has happened (the man die)

7. She has sung beautifully (everyone get up to clap)

8. Shehwag has hit the six (India win)

Activity – 2 – Effect in the Present

The following actions took place and the effect is felt even now. Make present perfect sentences.

1. meet, with an accident – He has met with an accident.

2. I fail, exam

3. Suresh win, singing competition

4. The company make, huge profits

5. She had a baby.

6. I buy bike

7. My best friend Kranti, start a school

8. Terrorists bomb the building

Activity – 3 - When we want to know whether an action has

happened or not, not really when it happened.

Use the clues and make sentences in present perfect tense.

During a marriage function

1. Cars arrive?

2. Priest come?

3. Band come?

4. You call bridegroom?

5. You call catering agency?

Other real life examples.

1. You pass?

2. You see the latest NTR movie?

3. You have lunch?

4. You hear the latest news?

5. India win?

Activity – 4 - When we want to talk about actions done till now

Use the clues and make sentences in present perfect tense.

1. I wait till now. 5. I not study for exams yet.

2. I not complete homework yet. 6. I cook till now.

3. He not come yet. 7. I sleep till now.

4. They not print posters yet. 8. She hold meeting till now.

Past Continuous(DAY-21)

Past Continuous

In Past Continuous we use the helping verb was, were.

Past continuous actions are those actions which were going on at a particular time in the past.

Yesterday at 4’O clock I was going to the market.

Last Sunday at 1’O clock I was writing a letter.

Day before yesterday at 3’O clock we were sleeping in the hostel. Etc.

For negative forms we add ‘not’, ‘was not’.

For plurals we use ‘were’, ‘were not’.

They were going to the market yesterday at 4’O clock.

They weren’t going to the market yesterday at 4’O clock.

They were playing volley ball yesterday at 3’O clock.

They weren’t playing volley ball yesterday at 3’O clock.

Future Continuous Tense

We use the helping verb ‘will be’ and ‘ing’ or V4.

Subject + will be + V4 + Object

This tense is used when we are sure of an action 100% in the future.

I will be going to my relative house tomorrow.

I will be going to the movie today.

I won’t be going to the relative’s house tomorrow.

I won’t be going to the movie today.

That completes the simple continuous tenses:

Simple present, Simple Past, Simple Future.

Present Continuous, Past Continuous, Future Continuous.

We covered 6 tenses and these are very important tenses.

Fill in the Blanks

1. I ............ (eat) idly at this time yesterday.

2. They ............ (go) to a movie at 7 yesterday.

3. Last week you ............ (not go) in the bus.

4. Ashok ............ (go) to London at 4 day before yesterday.

5. Yesterday afternoon I ............ (sleep).

6. I ............ (not eat) yesterday night.

7. Yesterday at 8 the net ............ (not come).

8. Yesterday at this time I ............ (not enjoy) the party.

9. They ............ (cut) a cake on June 26.

10. Yesterday I ............ (learn) English at this time.

11. Yesterday at 12 I ............ (have) lunch.

12. I ............ (go) to Mumbai tomorrow.

13. They ............ (play) cricket last week.

14. Venkat & Suresh ............ (fight) at this time yesterday.

15. I ............ (go) for shopping at 2 yesterday.

16. This time I ............ (come) to your house surely.

17. I ............ (watch) a movie day before yesterday at this time.

18. 5 years back you ............ (travel) with me to many places.

19. Yesterday you ............ (sleep) at this time.

20. Yesterday Sita ............ (write) exam at 4.